(a) Application of Other Definitions .—The definitions in section 102 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 ( 21 U.S.C. 802 ) apply to this chapter.
(b) Vessel of the United States .—In this chapter, the term "vessel of the United States" means—
(1) a vessel documented under chapter 121 of this title or numbered as provided in chapter 123 of this title;
(2) a vessel owned in any part by an individual who is a citizen of the United States, the United States Government, the government of a State or political subdivision of a State, or a corporation incorporated under the laws of the United States or of a State, unless—
(A) the vessel has been granted the nationality of a foreign nation under article 5 of the 1958 Convention on the High Seas; and
(B) a claim of nationality or registry for the vessel is made by the master or individual in charge at the time of the enforcement action by an officer or employee of the United States who is authorized to enforce applicable provisions of United States law; and
(3) a vessel that was once documented under the laws of the United States and, in violation of the laws of the United States, was sold to a person not a citizen of the United States, placed under foreign registry, or operated under the authority of a foreign nation, whether or not the vessel has been granted the nationality of a foreign nation.
(c) Vessel Subject to the Jurisdiction of the United States .—
(1) In general .—In this chapter, the term "vessel subject to the jurisdiction of the United States" includes—
(A) a vessel without nationality;
(B) a vessel assimilated to a vessel without nationality under paragraph (2) of article 6 of the 1958 Convention on the High Seas;
(C) a vessel registered in a foreign nation if that nation has consented or waived objection to the enforcement of United States law by the United States;
(D) a vessel in the customs waters of the United States;
(E) a vessel in the territorial waters of a foreign nation if the nation consents to the enforcement of United States law by the United States; and
(F) a vessel in the contiguous zone of the United States, as defined in Presidential Proclamation 7219 of September 2, 1999 ( 43 U.S.C. 1331 note ), that—
(i) is entering the United States;
(ii) has departed the United States; or
(iii) is a hovering vessel as defined in section 401 of the Tariff Act of 1930 ( 19 U.S.C. 1401 ).
(2) Consent or waiver of objection .—Consent or waiver of objection by a foreign nation to the enforcement of United States law by the United States under paragraph (1)(C) or (E)—
(A) may be obtained by radio, telephone, or similar oral or electronic means; and
(B) is proved conclusively by certification of the Secretary of State or the Secretary's designee.
(d) Vessel Without Nationality .—
(1) In general .—In this chapter, the term "vessel without nationality" includes—
(A) a vessel aboard which the master or individual in charge makes a claim of registry that is denied by the nation whose registry is claimed;
(B) a vessel aboard which the master or individual in charge fails, on request of an officer of the United States authorized to enforce applicable provisions of United States law, to make a claim of nationality or registry for that vessel; and
(C) a vessel aboard which the master or individual in charge makes a claim of registry and for which the claimed nation of registry does not affirmatively and unequivocally assert that the vessel is of its nationality.
(2) Verification or denial .—A claim of registry under paragraph (1)(A) or (C) may be verified or denied by radio, telephone, or similar oral or electronic means. The denial of such a claim is proved conclusively by certification of the Secretary of State or the Secretary's designee.
(e) Claim of Nationality or Registry .—A claim of nationality or registry under this section includes only—
(1) possession on board the vessel and production of documents evidencing the vessel's nationality as provided in article 5 of the 1958 Convention on the High Seas;
(2) flying its nation's ensign or flag; or
(3) a verbal claim of nationality or registry by the master or individual in charge of the vessel.
Subsection (d) of this section was derived from section 1903(c)(2) of the former Appendix to this title, which was amended by
title III, §303, July 11, 2006, 120 Stat. 527 . For applicability of that amendment to this section, see section 18(a) of
set out as a Legislative Purpose and Construction note preceding section 101 of this title . Section 1903(c)(2) of the former Appendix to this title was amended by striking the last two sentences and inserting the following: "The response of a foreign nation to a claim of registry under subparagraph (A) or (C) [now subpar. (A) or (C) of par. (1) of subsec. (d) of this section] may be made by radio, telephone, or similar oral or electronic means, and is conclusively proved by certification of the Secretary of State or the Secretary's designee."
In subsection (b)(2), before subparagraph (A), the words "individual who is a citizen of the United States" are substituted for "a citizen or national of the United States" because of the definition of "citizen of the United States" in chapter 1 of the revised title. The words "or a territory, commonwealth, or possession of the United States" and "the District of Columbia, or any territory, commonwealth, or possession of the United States" are omitted as unnecessary because of the definition of "State" in chapter 1 of the revised title.
In subsection (b)(3), the words "placed under foreign registry, or operated under the authority of a foreign nation" are substituted for "placed under foreign registry or foreign flag" because of the definition of "foreign vessel" in chapter 1 of the revised title.
In subsection (d)(1)(B), the word "authorized" is substituted for "empowered" for consistency with subsection (b)(2)(B).
CHAPTER 705 -MARITIME DRUG LAW ENFORCEMENT!@!Sec. 70503 -->
(a) Prohibitions .—An individual may not knowingly or intentionally manufacture or distribute, or possess with intent to manufacture or distribute, a controlled substance on board—
(1) a vessel of the United States or a vessel subject to the jurisdiction of the United States; or
(2) any vessel if the individual is a citizen of the United States or a resident alien of the United States.
(b) Extension Beyond Territorial Jurisdiction .—Subsection (a) applies even though the act is committed outside the territorial jurisdiction of the United States.
(1) In general .—Subject to paragraph (2), subsection (a) does not apply to—
(A) a common or contract carrier or an employee of the carrier who possesses or distributes a controlled substance in the lawful and usual course of the carrier's business; or
(B) a public vessel of the United States or an individual on board the vessel who possesses or distributes a controlled substance in the lawful course of the individual's duties.
(2) Entered in manifest .—Paragraph (1) applies only if the controlled substance is part of the cargo entered in the vessel's manifest and is intended to be imported lawfully into the country of destination for scientific, medical, or other lawful purposes.
(d) Burden of Proof .—The United States Government is not required to negative a defense provided by subsection (c) in a complaint, information, indictment, or other pleading or in a trial or other proceeding. The burden of going forward with the evidence supporting the defense is on the person claiming its benefit.
In subsection (a), before paragraph (1), the words "may not" are substituted for "It is unlawful for" for consistency in the revised title and to eliminate unnecessary words.
In subsection (b), the words "applies to" are substituted for "is intended to reach" for clarity and to eliminate unnecessary words.
CHAPTER 705 -MARITIME DRUG LAW ENFORCEMENT!@!Sec. 70504 -->
(a) Jurisdiction .—Jurisdiction of the United States with respect to a vessel subject to this chapter is not an element of an offense. Jurisdictional issues arising under this chapter are preliminary questions of law to be determined solely by the trial judge.
(b) Venue .—A person violating section 70503 of this title shall be tried in the district court of the United States for—
(1) the district at which the person enters the United States; or
(2) the District of Columbia.
CHAPTER 705 -MARITIME DRUG LAW ENFORCEMENT!@!Sec. 70505 -->A person charged with violating section 70503 of this title does not have standing to raise a claim of failure to comply with international law as a basis for a defense. A claim of failure to comply with international law in the enforcement of this chapter may be made only by a foreign nation. A failure to comply with international law does not divest a court of jurisdiction and is not a defense to a proceeding under this chapter.
CHAPTER 705 -MARITIME DRUG LAW ENFORCEMENT!@!Sec. 70506 -->(a) Violations .—A person violating section 70503 of this title shall be punished as provided in section 1010 of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 ( 21 U.S.C. 960 ). However, if the offense is a second or subsequent offense as provided in section 1012(b) of that Act ( 21 U.S.C. 962(b) ), the person shall be punished as provided in section 1012 of that Act ( 21 U.S.C. 962 ).
(b) Attempts and Conspiracies .—A person attempting or conspiring to violate section 70503 of this title is subject to the same penalties as provided for violating section 70503.
In subsection (b), the words "the commission of which was the object of the attempt or conspiracy" are omitted as unnecessary.
CHAPTER 705 -MARITIME DRUG LAW ENFORCEMENT!@!Sec. 70507 -->
(a) In General .—Property described in section 511(a) of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 ( 21 U.S.C. 881(a) ) that is used or intended for use to commit, or to facilitate the commission of, an offense under section 70503 of this title may be seized and forfeited in the same manner that similar property may be seized and forfeited under section 511 of that Act ( 21 U.S.C. 881 ).
(b) Prima Facie Evidence of Violation .—Practices commonly recognized as smuggling tactics may provide prima facie evidence of intent to use a vessel to commit, or to facilitate the commission of, an offense under section 70503 of this title , and may support seizure and forfeiture of the vessel, even in the absence of controlled substances aboard the vessel. The following indicia, among others, may be considered, in the totality of the circumstances, to be prima facie evidence that a vessel is intended to be used to commit, or to facilitate the commission of, such an offense:
(1) The construction or adaptation of the vessel in a manner that facilitates smuggling, including—
(A) the configuration of the vessel to ride low in the water or present a low hull profile to avoid being detected visually or by radar;
(B) the presence of any compartment or equipment that is built or fitted out for smuggling, not including items such as a safe or lock-box reasonably used for the storage of personal valuables;
(C) the presence of an auxiliary tank not installed in accordance with applicable law or installed in such a manner as to enhance the vessel's smuggling capability;
(D) the presence of engines that are excessively over-powered in relation to the design and size of the vessel;
(E) the presence of materials used to reduce or alter the heat or radar signature of the vessel and avoid detection;
(F) the presence of a camouflaging paint scheme, or of materials used to camouflage the vessel, to avoid detection; or
(G) the display of false vessel registration numbers, false indicia of vessel nationality, false vessel name, or false vessel homeport.
(2) The presence or absence of equipment, personnel, or cargo inconsistent with the type or declared purpose of the vessel.
(3) The presence of excessive fuel, lube oil, food, water, or spare parts, inconsistent with legitimate vessel operation, inconsistent with the construction or equipment of the vessel, or inconsistent with the character of the vessel's stated purpose.
(4) The operation of the vessel without lights during times lights are required to be displayed under applicable law or regulation and in a manner of navigation consistent with smuggling tactics used to avoid detection by law enforcement authorities.
(5) The failure of the vessel to stop or respond or heave to when hailed by government authority, especially where the vessel conducts evasive maneuvering when hailed.
(6) The declaration to government authority of apparently false information about the vessel, crew, or voyage or the failure to identify the vessel by name or country of registration when requested to do so by government authority.
(7) The presence of controlled substance residue on the vessel, on an item aboard the vessel, or on an individual aboard the vessel, of a quantity or other nature that reasonably indicates manufacturing or distribution activity.
(8) The use of petroleum products or other substances on the vessel to foil the detection of controlled substance residue.
(9) The presence of a controlled substance in the water in the vicinity of the vessel, where given the currents, weather conditions, and course and speed of the vessel, the quantity or other nature is such that it reasonably indicates manufacturing or distribution activity.