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Topical NSAIDs versus Opioids for Acute Musculoskeletal Pain: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2017 Jan 30.

Topical NSAIDs versus Opioids for Acute Musculoskeletal Pain: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness [Internet].

Ottawa (ON): Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health; 2017 Jan 30.

Table 3 SIGN Checklist –Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses

Internal Validity	Derry et al., 2015 10	Van den Bekerom et al., 2015 12	Pattanittum et al., 2013 11
1. The research question is clearly defined and the inclusion/exclusion criteria must be listed in the paper	Yes	Yes	Yes
2. A comprehensive literature search is carried out	Yes	Yes	Yes
3. At least two people should have selected studies	Yes	Yes	Yes
4. At least two people should have extracted data	Yes	Yes	Yes
5. The status of publication was not used as an inclusion criteria	Yes	Yes	Yes
6. The excluded studies are listed	Yes	No	Yes
7. The relevant characteristics of the included studies are provided	Yes	Yes	Yes
8. The scientific quality of the included studies was assessed and reported	Yes	Yes	Yes
9. Was the scientific quality of the included studies used appropriately?	Yes	Yes	Yes
10. Appropriate methods are used to combine the individual study findings	Yes	Yes	Yes
11. The likelihood of publication bias was assessed appropriately	Yes	No	No
12. Conflicts of interest are declared	Yes	Yes	Yes
Overall Assessment of the Study
High, Moderate, Low	High	High	High

For overall assessment of the study: High indicated that all or most criteria have been fulfilled; where they have not been fulfilled, the conclusions of the study or review are thought very unlikely to alter. Moderate indicates that some of the criteria have been fulfilled; those criteria that have not been fulfilled or not adequately described are thought unlikely to alter the conclusions. Low indicates that few or no criteria fulfilled; the conclusions of the study are thought likely or very likely to alter.

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